As well as removing blood from the brain, the anterior retromandibular, facial, and lingual veins also drain into the internal jugular. Upon exiting the neck, the internal jugular vein merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. Additional veins such as the occipital, deep cervical, and thyroid veins drain directly into the brachiocephalic vein. The veins of the upper extremity are divided into superficial and deep veins, indicating their relative depths from the skin.
The deep veins are shown in blue. The superficial veins of the upper extremity are shown in blue. Veins of the arm are either deep or superficial and are responsible for draining the hand and arm. The major deep veins of the arm are the radial and ulnar veins, which run along the length of their respective bones and merge at the elbow to form the paired brachial vein.
The brachial vein runs from the elbow up to the shoulder parallel to the brachial artery. The major superficial veins of the upper limb are the cephalic, median cubital and basilic veins. The cephalic vein arises from the dorsal venous network of the hand and passes the elbow anteriorly, continuing up the upper arm to the shoulder.
The basilic vein follows a similar path but is located medially to the cephalic vein. At the elbow, the basilic and cephalic veins are linked by the median cubital vein, from which blood is often drawn. At the shoulder, the basilic vein passes deep into the arm and merges with the brachial veins to form the axillary vein, to which the cephaliac vein merges, forming the subclavian vein. Veins of the Thorax : The veins of the thorax are shown in blue.
Two venae cavae return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart. The superior vena cava, formed from the left and right brachiocephalic veins, returns deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body and carries blood from the upper limbs, head, and neck via the thyroid and jugular veins.
It is joined just before entering the heart by the azygos vein, which runs up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column and transports blood from the external thoracic cavity. The internal thoracic vein is a vessel that drains the chest wall and breasts. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course, and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein.
The supreme intercostal vein is a paired vein that drains the first intercostal space on its corresponding side. It usually drains into the brachiocephalic vein. The inferior vena cava returns blood from the abdomen and lower limbs to the right atrium of the heart. The renal veins from the kidney and hepatic veins of the liver drain directly into the inferior vena cava. Additionally, the superior and inferior phrenic veins drain the diaphragm and usually open into the internal mammary vein and inferior vena cava, respectively.
The major veins of the abdomen and pelvis return deoxygenated blood from the abdomen and pelvis to the heart. A number of veins remove deoxygenated blood from the abdomen and pelvis. The external iliac vein, the upward continuation of the femoral vein, passes upward along the pelvis and ends to form the common iliac vein. The tributaries of the external iliac vein are the inferior epigastric, deep iliac circumflex, and pubic veins.
The internal iliac vein begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, the large opening at the rear of the pelvis, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the internal iliac artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.
Veins of abdomen and lower limbs : The veins of the abdomen and lower limb include the inferior vena cava, the common iliac veins, the external iliac veins, and their tributaries. The left and right common iliac veins come together in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, forming the abdominal vena cava.
They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. The superior epigastric vein refers to a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood and drains into the internal thoracic vein. It anastomoses with the inferior epigastric vein at the level of the umbilicus and drains the anterior part of the abdominal wall and some of the diaphragm.
The inferior epigastric vein refers to the vein that drains into the external iliac vein and arises from the superior epigastric vein. The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venae comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm above the inguinal ligament.
The deep veins of the lower extremity have valves for unidirectional flow and accompany the arteries and their branches. The deep veins of the leg accompany the arteries and their branches and possess numerous valves that aid in unidirectional blood flow. The musculature of the leg is key in generating pressure in the veins to prevent pooling. The posterior and anterior tibial veins return blood from the calf, ankle, and foot and merge into the popliteal vein behind the knee.
The popliteal vein then carries blood from the knee joint up through the thigh. Mid-thigh, it becomes the femoral vein, which is closely associated with the femoral artery. The femoral vein merges with the great saphenous vein in the groin to form the external iliac vein.
The popliteal vein, shown here in blue, extends from the hip to the knee and helps drain blood from the lower extremities. Running the full length of the leg, making it the longest vein in the body, the great saphenous vein is a superficial vein that returns blood from the foot and superficial muscles of the leg before merging with the femoral vein to form the external iliac vein.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels. Search for:. Circulatory Routes. The Aorta and Its Branches The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is divided into 3 parts: the ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, and descending aorta. Learning Objectives Outline the divisions of the aorta. Key Takeaways Key Points The blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta and from there branches to all parts of the body.
The aorta is divided into three parts: the ascending aorta where the aorta initially leaves the heart and points toward the head , the arch of the aorta where the aorta changes direction , and the descending aorta where the aorta points toward the feet. The ascending aorta has two small branches, the left and right coronary arteries, that provide blood to the heart muscle. The arch of the aorta has three branches: the brachiocephalic artery which divides into right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery , the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery.
Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries; these provide blood to the pelvis and, eventually, the legs.
Key Terms descending aorta : The region of the aorta that passes inferiorly towards the feet. Ascending Aorta The ascending aorta is the first portion of the aorta; it includes the aortic sinuses, the bulb of the aorta, and the sinotubular junction. Learning Objectives Describe the role of the ascending aorta in circulation.
The aortic sinuses end at the sinotubular junction, the point in the ascending aorta where the aorta becomes a tubular structure. The ascending aorta has two branching vessels, the left and right coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. Key Terms aortic sinuses : An aortic sinus is one of the anatomic dilations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve.
This dilation is termed the bulb of the aorta, and on transverse section presents a somewhat oval figure. Arch of the Aorta The arch of the aorta follows the ascending aorta and begins at the level of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side. Learning Objectives Describe the function of arch of the aorta. Key Takeaways Key Points Three vessels come out of the aortic arch: the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery.
In some individuals, the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery may arise from the brachiocephalic artery rather than the aortic arch. Key Terms arch of the aorta : Also called the transverse aortic arch, is continuous with the upper border of the ascending aorta and begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side. Thoracic Aorta The thoracic aorta is the section of the aorta that travels through the thoracic cavity to carry blood to the head, neck, thorax and arms.
Learning Objectives Explain the function of the thoracic aorta. Key Takeaways Key Points The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity, begins at the 4th thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra.
Branches from the thoracic aorta include the bronchial arteries, the mediastinal arteries, the esophageal arteries, the pericardial arteries, and the superior phrenic artery. The thoracic aorta and the esophagus run parallel for most of its length, with the esophagus lying on the right side of the aorta. At the lower part of the thorax, the esophagus is placed in front of the aorta, situated on its left side close to the diaphragm..
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This artery is responsible for transporting oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body. The aorta begins at the left ventricle of the heart, extending upward into the chest to form an arch.
It then continues downward into the abdomen, where it branches into the iliac arteries just above the pelvis. Considering the significant portion of the body that the aorta spans, it is helpful to break it down into the following four sections:. The aortic root is the portion of the aorta that is attached to the heart. A major part of the aortic root is the aortic valve, which allows blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body when it is open and prevents blood from flowing backwards into the heart when it is closed.
Like the rest of the body, the heart also needs to get blood. The left and right main coronary arteries branch off of the aortic root to provide the needed blood to the heart. The ascending aorta begins at the sinotubular junction of the aortic root and extends up and out from the heart until it connects with the aortic arch. The aortic arch is the portion of the aorta that is in the shape of an arch and connects the ascending aorta with the descending aorta.
The major arteries that stem from the arch are: the brachiocephalic artery, the left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic artery is responsible for carrying blood to the right arm and the right side of the brain, the left carotid artery provides the left side of the brain with blood and the left subclavian artery carries blood to the left arm. The aorta is an elastic artery, meaning it is able to distend. When the left ventricle contracts to force blood into the aorta, the aorta expands.
This stretching generates the potential energy that helps maintain blood pressure during diastole, since during this time the aorta contracts passively.
Diagram of Human Heart : This diagram of the human heart shows all the major vessels, and arrows indicate the direction of flow through the heart. The aorta is divided into three parts: the ascending aorta, where the aorta initially leaves the heart and points superiorly toward the head; the arch of the aorta where the aorta changes direction; and the descending aorta where the aorta points inferiorly toward the feet.
Ascending Aorta : The aorta has three parts: the ascending, the arch and the descending. The ascending aorta has two small branches, the left and right coronary arteries.
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